Before you can begin to treat a burn, quickly assess the severity of the burn. Burns are categorized as first, second and third degree, with first-degree burns listed as the least serious and third degree causing the most damage. In addition, determine how much surface is affected. A first-degree burn on a large part of the body will require more attention than a minor burn on just a finger.
First-degree Burns
These burns are generally red and perhaps swollen, but they have burned only the outer layer of skin. For a minor burn, cool the area under running water for several minutes. This helps reduce the pain and prevents the burn from doing further damage. If you cannot run water over the affected area, use a cold wash cloth. The cold water will reduce the pain and the swelling. Never put butter, oil or ice on a burn of any degree. Dry the area and cover it loosely with a sterile gauze bandage. You may also use either aloe vera cream, from the plant by the same name, or an antibiotic ointment before you cover the burn. Over-the-counter painkilling pills may help to reduce discomfort.
Second-degree Burns
Blisters appear on second-degree burns along with severe pain and extreme redness. The burns also are deeper than the outer layer of skin and may appear blotchy. The Mayo Clinic website suggests that "if the second-degree burn is no larger than 3 inches (7.5 centimeters) in diameter, treat it as a minor burn. If the burned area is larger or if the burn is on the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks or over a major joint, treat it as a major burn and get medical help immediately."
Third-degree Burns
These burns may actually be free of pain because the burn has permeated all layers of skin and possibly damaged the nerves. The skin may look charred or white. Seek medical help right away or call 911. Leave clothing that is stuck to the wounds unless it's hot or smoldering. Cover the burns with clean, cool cloths or sterile gauze bandages until you get emergency help.
Electrical or Chemical Burns
Electrical burns may not show any damage to the outside of the body. If someone has had contact with a power line or other electrical shock, they should go to the hospital right away. For a chemical burn, rinse the area well with water and remove any clothing that might contain the chemicals. Seek medical help before putting any ointments or products on the wound.
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